Thermal Evaporation

Thermal evaporation is one of the simplest of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) used to deposit material. The materials (metal, organic materials...) are placed in a resistive heat source in vacuum environment to evaporate directly to the substrate, where they condense back to a solid state form a thin film. Thermal evaporation offers faster evaporation rates than sputtering. However, it is limited to size of boat or crucible to contain the material and difficult to control of the evaporation rate.